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Which is the best way to specify a tag of v1.0.0 when referencing a module stored in Git (for example. Git::https://example.com/vpc.git)?
A. Append pref=v1.0.0 argument to the source path B. Add version = œ1.0.0 parameter to module block C. Nothing modules stored on GitHub always default to version 1.0.0
Answer: A
Explanation:
The best way to specify a tag of v1.0.0 when referencing a module stored in Git is to append ?ref=v1.0.0 argument to the source path. This tells Terraform to use a specific Git reference, such as a branch, tag, or commit, when fetching the module source code. For example, source = "git::https://example.com/vpc.git?ref=v1.0.0". This ensures that the module version is consistent and reproducible across different environments. Reference = [Module Sources], [Module Versions]
Question # 2
Terraform configuration can only import modules from the public registry.
A. True B. False
Answer: B
Explanation:
Terraform configuration can import modules from various sources, not only from the public registry.
Modules can be sourced from local file paths, Git repositories, HTTP URLs, Mercurial repositories, S3 buckets, and GCS buckets. Terraform supports a number of common conventions and syntaxes for specifying module sources, as documented in the [Module Sources] page. Reference = [Module Sources]
Question # 3
Which configuration consistency errors does terraform validate report?
A. Terraform module isn't the latest version B. Differences between local and remote state C. Declaring a resource identifier more than once D. A mix of spaces and tabs in configuration files
Answer: C
Explanation:
Terraform validate reports configuration consistency errors, such as declaring a resource identifier more than once. This means that the same resource type and name combination is used for multiple resource blocks, which is not allowed in Terraform. For example, resource "aws_instance" "example" {...} cannot be used more than once in the same configuration. Terraform validate does not report errors related to module versions, state differences, or formatting issues, as these are not relevant for checking the configuration syntax and structure. Reference = [Validate Configuration], [Resource Syntax]
Question # 4
When should you use the force-unlock command?
A. You have a high priority change B. Automatic unlocking failed C. apply failed due to a state lock D. You see a status message that you cannot acquire the lock
Answer: B
Explanation:
You should use the force-unlock command when automatic unlocking failed. Terraform will lock your
state for all operations that could write state, such as plan, apply, or destroy. This prevents others
from acquiring the lock and potentially corrupting your state. State locking happens automatically on
all operations that could write state and you wont see any message that it is happening. If state
locking fails, Terraform will not continue. You can disable state locking for most commands with the -
lock flag but it is not recommended. If acquiring the lock is taking longer than expected, Terraform
will output a status message. If Terraform doesnt output a message, state locking is still occurring if
your backend supports it. Terraform has a force-unlock command to manually unlock the state if
unlocking failed. Be very careful with this command. If you unlock the state when someone else is
holding the lock it could cause multiple writers. Force unlock should only be used to unlock your own
lock in the situation where automatic unlocking failed. To protect you, the force-unlock command
requires a unique lock ID. Terraform will output this lock ID if unlocking fails. This lock ID acts as a
nonce, ensuring that locks and unlocks target the correct lock. The other situations are not valid
reasons to use the force-unlock command. You should not use the force-unlock command if you have
a high priority change, if apply failed due to a state lock, or if you see a status message that you
cannot acquire the lock. These situations indicate that someone else is holding the lock and you
should wait for them to finish their operation or contact them to resolve the issue. Using the forceunlock
command in these cases could result in data loss or inconsistency. Reference = [State Locking],
[Command: force-unlock]
Question # 5
Which of these statements about Terraform Cloud workspaces is false?
A. They have role-based access controls B. You must use the CLI to switch between workspaces C. Plans and applies can be triggered via version control system integrations D. They can securely store cloud credentials
Answer: B
Explanation:
The statement that you must use the CLI to switch between workspaces is false. Terraform Cloud
workspaces are different from Terraform CLI workspaces. Terraform Cloud workspaces are required
and represent all of the collections of infrastructure in an organization. They are also a major
component of role-based access in Terraform Cloud. You can grant individual users and user groups
permissions for one or more workspaces that dictate whether they can manage variables, perform
runs, etc. You can create, view, and switch between Terraform Cloud workspaces using the Terraform
Cloud UI, the Workspaces API, or the Terraform Enterprise Provider5. Terraform CLI workspaces are
optional and allow you to create multiple distinct instances of a single configuration within one
working directory. They are useful for creating disposable environments for testing or experimenting
without affecting your main or production environment. You can create, view, and switch between
Terraform CLI workspaces using the terraform workspace command6. The other statements about
Terraform Cloud workspaces are true. They have role-based access controls that allow you to assign
permissions to users and teams based on their roles and responsibilities. You can create and manage
roles using the Teams API or the Terraform Enterprise Provider7. Plans and applies can be triggered
via version control system integrations that allow you to link your Terraform Cloud workspaces to
your VCS repositories. You can configure VCS settings, webhooks, and branch tracking to automate
your Terraform Cloud workflow8. They can securely store cloud credentials as sensitive variables that
are encrypted at rest and only decrypted when needed. You can manage variables using the
Terraform Cloud UI, the Variables API, or the Terraform Enterprise Provider9. Reference =
[Workspaces]5, [Terraform CLI Workspaces]6, [Teams and Organizations]7, [VCS Integration]8,
[Variables]9
Question # 6
Which of these ate secure options for storing secrets for connecting to a Terraform remote backend?Choose two correct answers.
A. A variable file B. Defined in Environment variables C. Inside the backend block within the Terraform configuration D. Defined in a connection configuration outside of Terraform
Answer: B, D
Explanation:
Environment variables and connection configurations outside of Terraform are secure options for
storing secrets for connecting to a Terraform remote backend. Environment variables can be used to
set values for input variables that contain secrets, such as backend access keys or tokens. Terraform
will read environment variables that start with TF_VAR_ and match the name of an input
variable. For example, if you have an input variable called backend_token, you can set its value with
the environment variable TF_VAR_backend_token1. Connection configurations outside of Terraform
are files or scripts that provide credentials or other information for Terraform to connect to a remote
backend. For example, you can use a credentials file for the S3 backend2, or a shell script for the
HTTP backend3. These files or scripts are not part of the Terraform configuration and can be stored
securely in a separate location. The other options are not secure for storing secrets. A variable file is
a file that contains values for input variables. Variable files are usually stored in the same directory as
the Terraform configuration or in a version control system. This exposes the secrets to anyone who
can access the files or the repository. You should not store secrets in variable files1. Inside the
backend block within the Terraform configuration is where you specify the type and settings of the
remote backend. The backend block is part of the Terraform configuration and is usually stored in a
version control system. This exposes the secrets to anyone who can access the configuration or the
repository. You should not store secrets in the backend block4. Reference = [Terraform Input
Which are forbidden actions when the terraform state file is locked? Choose three correct answers.
A. Terraform state list B. Terraform destroy C. Terraform validate D. Terraform validate E. Terraform for F. Terraform apply
Answer: B, C, F
Explanation:
The terraform state file is locked when a Terraform operation that could write state is in progress.
This prevents concurrent state operations that could corrupt the state. The forbidden actions when
the state file is locked are those that could write state, such as terraform apply, terraform
destroy, terraform refresh, terraform taint, terraform untaint, terraform import, and terraform state
*. The terraform validate command is also forbidden, because it requires an initialized working
directory with the state file. The allowed actions when the state file is locked are those that only read
state, such as terraform plan, terraform show, terraform output, and terraform console. Reference =
[State Locking] and [Command: validate]
Question # 8
Which of the following methods, used to provision resources into a public cloud, demonstrates the
concept of infrastructure as code?
A. curl commands manually run from a terminal B. A sequence of REST requests you pass to a public cloud API endpoint Most Voted C. A script that contains a series of public cloud CLI commands D. A series of commands you enter into a public cloud console
Answer: C
Explanation:
The concept of infrastructure as code (IaC) is to define and manage infrastructure using code, rather
than manual processes or GUI tools. A script that contains a series of public cloud CLI commands is
an example of IaC, because it uses code to provision resources into a public cloud. The other options
are not examples of IaC, because they involve manual or interactive actions, such as running curl
commands, sending REST requests, or entering commands into a console. Reference = [Introduction
to Infrastructure as Code with Terraform] and [Infrastructure as Code]
Question # 9
Which of the following should you put into the required_providers block?
A. version >= 3.1 B. version = œ>= 3.1 C. version ~> 3.1
Answer: B
Explanation:
The required_providers block is used to specify the provider versions that the configuration can work
with. The version argument accepts a version constraint string, which must be enclosed in double
quotes. The version constraint string can use operators such as >=, ~>, =, etc. to specify the
minimum, maximum, or exact version of the provider. For example, version = ">= 3.1" means that
the configuration can work with any provider version that is 3.1 or higher. Reference = [Provider
Requirements] and [Version Constraints]
Question # 10
When using Terraform to deploy resources into Azure, which scenarios are true regarding state files?(Choose two.)
A. When you change a Terraform-managed resource via the Azure Cloud Console, Terraform updatesthe state file to reflect the change during the next plan or apply B. Changing resources via the Azure Cloud Console records the change in the current state file C. When you change a resource via the Azure Cloud Console, Terraform records the changes in a newstate file D. Changing resources via the Azure Cloud Console does not update current state file
Answer: AD
Explanation:
Terraform state is a representation of the infrastructure that Terraform manages. Terraform uses
state to track the current status of the resources it creates and to plan future changes. However,
Terraform state is not aware of any changes made to the resources outside of Terraform, such as
through the Azure Cloud Console, the Azure CLI, or the Azure API. Therefore, changing resources via
the Azure Cloud Console does not update the current state file, and it may cause inconsistencies or
conflicts with Terraforms desired configuration. To avoid this, it is recommended to manage
resources exclusively through Terraform or to use the terraform import command to bring existing
resources under Terraforms control.
When you change a Terraform-managed resource via the Azure Cloud Console, Terraform does not
immediately update the state file to reflect the change. However, the next time you run terraform
plan or terraform apply, Terraform will compare the state file with the actual state of the resources in
Azure and detect any drifts or differences. Terraform will then update the state file to match the
current state of the resources and show you the proposed changes in the execution plan. Depending
on the configuration and the change, Terraform may try to undo the change, modify the resource
further, or recreate the resource entirely. To avoid unexpected or destructive changes, it is
recommended to review the execution plan carefully before applying it or to use the terraform
refresh command to update the state file without applying any changes.
When you use a remote backend that needs authentication, HashiCorp recommends that you:
A. Write the authentication credentials in the Terraform configuration files B. Keep the Terraform configuration files in a secret store C. Push your Terraform configuration to an encrypted git repository D. Use partial configuration to load the authentication credentials outside of the Terraform code
Answer: D
Explanation:
This is the recommended way to use a remote backend that needs authentication, as it allows you to
provide the credentials via environment variables, command-line arguments, or interactive prompts,
without storing them in the Terraform configuration files.
Question # 12
Which option cannot be used to keep secrets out of Terraform configuration files?
A. A Terraform provider B. Environment variables C. A -var flag D. secure string
Answer: D
Explanation:
A secure string is not a valid option to keep secrets out of Terraform configuration files. A secure
string is a feature of AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store that allows you to store sensitive data
encrypted with a KMS key. However, Terraform does not support secure strings natively and requires
a custom data source to retrieve them. The other options are valid ways to keep secrets out of
Terraform configuration files. A Terraform provider can expose secrets as data sources that can be
referenced in the configuration. Environment variables can be used to set values for input variables
that contain secrets. A -var flag can be used to pass values for input variables that contain secrets
from the command line or a file. Reference = [AWS Systems Manager Parameter Store], [Terraform
